メディア研究（Glossary） (コメント数：7)
1 manolo 2014-04-02 13:47:20 [PC]
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出典：『Understanding the Media（3rd Ed.）』、Eoin Devereux、SAGE Publications、2014 1. Active Audience The term refers to the agency or creativity of media audiences. Audiences are seen to be active interpreters of media texts. Recent debates about audience agncy have also focused on the capacity which audiences have to be producers/prosumers. (p.289) 2. Asymmetrical Relations of Power Unequal relationships of power in the social world with particular reference to how inequlity manifests itself in terms of people's position in the social structure based upon one's class, ethnicity or gender in one or other combination. (p.289) 3. Citizen Journalism Refers to journalism engaged in by so-called ordinary citizens. Citizen journalism has expanded significantly in the context of the spread of social media. Free or cheapter forms of media technologies (e.g. blogs, Twitter and web-based zines) have allowed ordinary people to re-circulate existing media texts or create commentaries on and/or offer eye-witness accounts of matters of public interest. (p.289) |
2 manolo 2014-04-02 14:06:36 [PC]
（メディア研究（Glossary)）
4. Conglomerate/Conglomeration
Large-scale corporations that operate at national and transnational levels. Conglomerates are made-up of a range of coporations that have strong monopolistic tendencies and are either vertically or horizontally integrated (or sometimes both) in terms of their owenership structure. Media corporations may be part of larger media conglomerates or conglomerates of a more genral nature which have economic interests outside of the media industry. (p.289)
5. Core, Peripheral and Semi-Peripheral Societies
World System Theory sees the world as being divided into core, peripehral and semi-perioheral societies. The labour forces and raw materials of peripheral and semi-peripheral societies are exploited in order to create goods and services for the core scoieties in the western capitalist world. (p.290)
6. Cultural Industries
According to Hesmondhalgh (2013: 4) the cultural industries 'are involved in the making and ciculating of products that, more than the products of any other kind of industry, have an influence on our understanding and knowledge of the world.' (p.290)
7. Deregulation
In some territories the state has played a strong role in regulating publically and privately owned media organizations. The deregulation of the media market has seen the state play a reduced role in regulating media organizations. Conglomerates favour a deregulated environment and have lobbied the politically powerful to ensure less regulatory involvement by the state. (p.290)
8. Deserving Poor
The poor or socially excluded who are deemed to be worth of assistance or help. The deserving poor are believed to be poor through no fault of their own and are deserving of state or other forms of support or assistance. The deserving poor are sometimes referred to as 'God's Poor'. (p.291)
（メディア研究（Glossary)）
4. Conglomerate/Conglomeration
Large-scale corporations that operate at national and transnational levels. Conglomerates are made-up of a range of coporations that have strong monopolistic tendencies and are either vertically or horizontally integrated (or sometimes both) in terms of their owenership structure. Media corporations may be part of larger media conglomerates or conglomerates of a more genral nature which have economic interests outside of the media industry. (p.289)
5. Core, Peripheral and Semi-Peripheral Societies
World System Theory sees the world as being divided into core, peripehral and semi-perioheral societies. The labour forces and raw materials of peripheral and semi-peripheral societies are exploited in order to create goods and services for the core scoieties in the western capitalist world. (p.290)
6. Cultural Industries
According to Hesmondhalgh (2013: 4) the cultural industries 'are involved in the making and ciculating of products that, more than the products of any other kind of industry, have an influence on our understanding and knowledge of the world.' (p.290)
7. Deregulation
In some territories the state has played a strong role in regulating publically and privately owned media organizations. The deregulation of the media market has seen the state play a reduced role in regulating media organizations. Conglomerates favour a deregulated environment and have lobbied the politically powerful to ensure less regulatory involvement by the state. (p.290)
8. Deserving Poor
The poor or socially excluded who are deemed to be worth of assistance or help. The deserving poor are believed to be poor through no fault of their own and are deserving of state or other forms of support or assistance. The deserving poor are sometimes referred to as 'God's Poor'. (p.291)
3 manolo 2014-04-02 14:23:54 [PC]
（メディア研究（Glossary)）
9. Digital Divide
A concept used to highlight the gap between the information rich and information poor. While the digital divide is most apparent between northern and southern hemispheres, the concept may also be used to understand information inequalities in the 'developed world'. The concept of the digital divide warns us to be sceptical about the widely used concepts such as the global village and the information society. (p.291)
10. Discourse
A form of knowlege. (p.291)
11. E-zines
Internet-based magazines or newsletters. These are often aimed at specific interst groups. (p.292)
12. Fandom
Within media and cultural studies fandom refers to the phenomenon of fans forming an attachment to a partucular star, celebrity or media genre. Fan studies are often the site of some very interesting reserch on what some audience members can do in their role as producers or prosumers. (p.292)
13. Globnalization
The term globalization is at once both multi-faceted and ambiguous. As a process globalization refers to a number of things - the restructuring of economic activities on global lines; the apparent 'shinkage' of time and space as a result of new information and communications technologies; the increased awareness of the global in everyday life; cultural homogenization and the intensification of local identities. The media industries (and conglomerates especially) have globalized in terms of both their reach and their presence in a range of core, peripheral and semi-peripheral societies. Media globalization has resulted in the wider circulation of media texts and has given rise to new kinds of concerns and questions for audience researchers in particular. (p.293)
14. Hegemony
The dominance of one social group over another. Hegemony may be achieved through either force or consent. Hegemonic ideologies are those ideologies that facilitate or enable domination to take place. Counter-hegemonic ideologies are ideas that run counter to those expressed within the dominant ideology. (p.293)
（メディア研究（Glossary)）
9. Digital Divide
A concept used to highlight the gap between the information rich and information poor. While the digital divide is most apparent between northern and southern hemispheres, the concept may also be used to understand information inequalities in the 'developed world'. The concept of the digital divide warns us to be sceptical about the widely used concepts such as the global village and the information society. (p.291)
10. Discourse
A form of knowlege. (p.291)
11. E-zines
Internet-based magazines or newsletters. These are often aimed at specific interst groups. (p.292)
12. Fandom
Within media and cultural studies fandom refers to the phenomenon of fans forming an attachment to a partucular star, celebrity or media genre. Fan studies are often the site of some very interesting reserch on what some audience members can do in their role as producers or prosumers. (p.292)
13. Globnalization
The term globalization is at once both multi-faceted and ambiguous. As a process globalization refers to a number of things - the restructuring of economic activities on global lines; the apparent 'shinkage' of time and space as a result of new information and communications technologies; the increased awareness of the global in everyday life; cultural homogenization and the intensification of local identities. The media industries (and conglomerates especially) have globalized in terms of both their reach and their presence in a range of core, peripheral and semi-peripheral societies. Media globalization has resulted in the wider circulation of media texts and has given rise to new kinds of concerns and questions for audience researchers in particular. (p.293)
14. Hegemony
The dominance of one social group over another. Hegemony may be achieved through either force or consent. Hegemonic ideologies are those ideologies that facilitate or enable domination to take place. Counter-hegemonic ideologies are ideas that run counter to those expressed within the dominant ideology. (p.293)
4 manolo 2014-04-02 14:52:13 [PC]
（メディア研究（Glossary)）
15. Hybrid/Hybridization
The term hybrid has two key meanings. Hybrid media texts may be creted when their producers or creators mix the ingredients from more than one media genre. Hybridization also occurs when globally circulated media texts are appropriated by audiences and are localized. (p.294)
16. Hyperreality
According to Baudrillard, in the media saturated post-modern world it is no longer a queston of us having to examine how the media represent 'reality'. Media 'reality' has become the (hyper) reality for most members of society. (p.294)
17. Ideology
At its most basic ideology means the 'Sceince of Ideas.' In media analysis the emphasis is on examining how the media construct and disseminate ides that are of benefit to the dominant class or other social group. We usually differntiate between dominant or hegemonic ideologies about class, ethnic or gender relations and other counter-hegemonic ideologies evident in media content. (p.294)
18. Infotainment
The merging of information and entertainment usually in a news setting. It may also refer to the increasing tendency within more serious media content of entertainment masquerading as information. (p.294)
19. Integration
(Horizontal and Vertical) The terms 'vertical' and 'horizontal' integration refer to two contrasting styles of media ownership structure. With vertical integration a media company (usually a conglomerate) owns and controls all aspects of the production, marketing, distribution and selling of a media product. Media companies that are horizontally integrated own and control a range of media companies involved in different kinds of activities such as printing, broadcasting and ICT. (p.294)
20. Media Imperialism
The terms media imperialism, cultural imperialism and US imperialism ('Hollywoodisation') are often used interchangeably in reference to the spead and global domination of western media culture. Those who are concerned about western media imperialism see it as being responsible for wearing down of local cultures. However, those who argue from a g-localization perspective believe that local audiences have the capacity to resist, hybridize and localize globalizing forms of media culture. (p.295)
21. Media Oligopolies
Powerful media conglomerates who dominate and control the global media industry. (p.295)
22. Modernity
Increasingly a contentious term, modernity refers to the era in which societies became industrialized, secular and urban. The contention arises from whether or not modernity has given way to postmodernity. (p.295)
（メディア研究（Glossary)）
15. Hybrid/Hybridization
The term hybrid has two key meanings. Hybrid media texts may be creted when their producers or creators mix the ingredients from more than one media genre. Hybridization also occurs when globally circulated media texts are appropriated by audiences and are localized. (p.294)
16. Hyperreality
According to Baudrillard, in the media saturated post-modern world it is no longer a queston of us having to examine how the media represent 'reality'. Media 'reality' has become the (hyper) reality for most members of society. (p.294)
17. Ideology
At its most basic ideology means the 'Sceince of Ideas.' In media analysis the emphasis is on examining how the media construct and disseminate ides that are of benefit to the dominant class or other social group. We usually differntiate between dominant or hegemonic ideologies about class, ethnic or gender relations and other counter-hegemonic ideologies evident in media content. (p.294)
18. Infotainment
The merging of information and entertainment usually in a news setting. It may also refer to the increasing tendency within more serious media content of entertainment masquerading as information. (p.294)
19. Integration
(Horizontal and Vertical) The terms 'vertical' and 'horizontal' integration refer to two contrasting styles of media ownership structure. With vertical integration a media company (usually a conglomerate) owns and controls all aspects of the production, marketing, distribution and selling of a media product. Media companies that are horizontally integrated own and control a range of media companies involved in different kinds of activities such as printing, broadcasting and ICT. (p.294)
20. Media Imperialism
The terms media imperialism, cultural imperialism and US imperialism ('Hollywoodisation') are often used interchangeably in reference to the spead and global domination of western media culture. Those who are concerned about western media imperialism see it as being responsible for wearing down of local cultures. However, those who argue from a g-localization perspective believe that local audiences have the capacity to resist, hybridize and localize globalizing forms of media culture. (p.295)
21. Media Oligopolies
Powerful media conglomerates who dominate and control the global media industry. (p.295)
22. Modernity
Increasingly a contentious term, modernity refers to the era in which societies became industrialized, secular and urban. The contention arises from whether or not modernity has given way to postmodernity. (p.295)
5 manolo 2014-04-02 15:04:53 [PC]
（メディア研究（Glossary)）
23. Narrative/Narrative Analysis
A research method concerned with the narratitve structure of media texts. How do individual media texts such as reports broadcast on television news programs tell or narrate stories about the social world? What conventions are employed in explaining 'terrorism' for example?(p.296)
24. Neo-Liberalism
A now dominant ideology which sees members of society as primarily economic rather than social factors. According to this perspectives, the stste should either play a significantly reduced or non-existent role when it come to the provision of goods and services in society. In addition, capital should be unfettered as far as possible and should be free from state interference. Neo-liberal marketisation ideas have assumed a dominant or hegemonic position in the shaping of state policy in terms of how education, health and welfare are provided for its citizens. It has underpinned the de-regulation (and increased privatisation) of the media. (p.296)
25. Netizens
Citizens who use the possibilities afforded by the Internet (e.g. social media, blogs, etc.) to discuss and debater matters of economic, political and moral importance. Netizens use the Internet as a possible Public Shere to argue, debate and inform. (p.296)
26. Paradigdm
At its simplest, a paradigm is a model or a framework which is used to make sense of phenomena. (p.296)
27. Patriarchy
The control and domination of women by men. Patriarchal ideologies or discorses are one that legitimize the continuation of male dominance in positions of influence and power. (p.296)
28. Postmdern, Postmodernity
A lively debate has ensued in recent years as to whether the era of modernity has come to pass. Postmodernists argue that modernity has been replaced by a postmodern era characterized by cultural and economic globalization; homogenization; increased fragmentation of local identities and media saturation. Proponents of postmodern theory treat the certainties inherent in more traditional sociolical approaches towards undestanding the social world in genral and the media in particular with some scepticism. The postmodern perspectives celebrates what it sees as the fragmented nature of postmodernity. Meida reality has become hyper reality or more real than reality itself. A key criticism of postmodernism is the lack of empirical evidence to support the many arguments which state that have moved on from the ear of modernity. (p.297)
29. Produsers/Procumers
Traditionally, media producers and media audiences (consumers) were placed at opposite ends of the spectrum. With the advent of new media, which affords the possibility of user generated content, some theorists have begun to reconfigure audience as producers and prosumers. (p.297)
（メディア研究（Glossary)）
23. Narrative/Narrative Analysis
A research method concerned with the narratitve structure of media texts. How do individual media texts such as reports broadcast on television news programs tell or narrate stories about the social world? What conventions are employed in explaining 'terrorism' for example?(p.296)
24. Neo-Liberalism
A now dominant ideology which sees members of society as primarily economic rather than social factors. According to this perspectives, the stste should either play a significantly reduced or non-existent role when it come to the provision of goods and services in society. In addition, capital should be unfettered as far as possible and should be free from state interference. Neo-liberal marketisation ideas have assumed a dominant or hegemonic position in the shaping of state policy in terms of how education, health and welfare are provided for its citizens. It has underpinned the de-regulation (and increased privatisation) of the media. (p.296)
25. Netizens
Citizens who use the possibilities afforded by the Internet (e.g. social media, blogs, etc.) to discuss and debater matters of economic, political and moral importance. Netizens use the Internet as a possible Public Shere to argue, debate and inform. (p.296)
26. Paradigdm
At its simplest, a paradigm is a model or a framework which is used to make sense of phenomena. (p.296)
27. Patriarchy
The control and domination of women by men. Patriarchal ideologies or discorses are one that legitimize the continuation of male dominance in positions of influence and power. (p.296)
28. Postmdern, Postmodernity
A lively debate has ensued in recent years as to whether the era of modernity has come to pass. Postmodernists argue that modernity has been replaced by a postmodern era characterized by cultural and economic globalization; homogenization; increased fragmentation of local identities and media saturation. Proponents of postmodern theory treat the certainties inherent in more traditional sociolical approaches towards undestanding the social world in genral and the media in particular with some scepticism. The postmodern perspectives celebrates what it sees as the fragmented nature of postmodernity. Meida reality has become hyper reality or more real than reality itself. A key criticism of postmodernism is the lack of empirical evidence to support the many arguments which state that have moved on from the ear of modernity. (p.297)
29. Produsers/Procumers
Traditionally, media producers and media audiences (consumers) were placed at opposite ends of the spectrum. With the advent of new media, which affords the possibility of user generated content, some theorists have begun to reconfigure audience as producers and prosumers. (p.297)
6 manolo 2014-04-02 15:48:29 [PC]
（メディア研究（Glossary)）
31. Public knowledge
The degree to which members of the public are informed about public affairs concerning politica and the economy for exmaple. Concerns have been expressed over the degree to which members of the public are informed by media organizations which are increasingly privatized and which have a greater emphasis on information rather than issues of public concern. (pp.297-298)
32. Public Service Braodcsting/Broadcasters
Traditionally dominant in Western Europe, Public Serive Broadcasting refers to publicly owned media companies engaged in the production and broadcast of radio and television programmes. In the face of increased competition from privately owned (and increasingly transnational) media companies, Public Service Broadcasting orgnizations have re-itertated their public sphere function. (p.298)
33. Public Sphere
A space allowing discourse and debate of political imporance. The public sphere is seen as essential element in the democratization of modern societies and ideally the media should facilitate such a space. The processes of privatization, homogenization, 'dumbing down' and the rise of infotainment all militate against the media providing a public sphere for media audiences. (p.298)
34. Reflexivity
The concept of reflexivity refers to the capacity of social actors for reflection, criticism and self-awareness. (p.299)
35. Representation
This form of media analysis is primarily concenred with how media texts represent (or more accurately re-present) the social world. (p.299)
36. Resistance
The ways in which audience members may reject the preferred or intended readings or meanings in a media text. The term is often used to describe how audience members reject the dominant or hegemonic codes evident within a media text. Audience members are said to be 'reading against the grain' in rejecting or subverting dominant or hegemonic ideology. (p.299)
37. Structure
Constrains that determines or shape human behaviour. In doing media work, for example, media professionals may be constrained by rules imposed by an employer, by the laws governing broadcasting or print journalism and by audience expectations. (p.299)
（メディア研究（Glossary)）
31. Public knowledge
The degree to which members of the public are informed about public affairs concerning politica and the economy for exmaple. Concerns have been expressed over the degree to which members of the public are informed by media organizations which are increasingly privatized and which have a greater emphasis on information rather than issues of public concern. (pp.297-298)
32. Public Service Braodcsting/Broadcasters
Traditionally dominant in Western Europe, Public Serive Broadcasting refers to publicly owned media companies engaged in the production and broadcast of radio and television programmes. In the face of increased competition from privately owned (and increasingly transnational) media companies, Public Service Broadcasting orgnizations have re-itertated their public sphere function. (p.298)
33. Public Sphere
A space allowing discourse and debate of political imporance. The public sphere is seen as essential element in the democratization of modern societies and ideally the media should facilitate such a space. The processes of privatization, homogenization, 'dumbing down' and the rise of infotainment all militate against the media providing a public sphere for media audiences. (p.298)
34. Reflexivity
The concept of reflexivity refers to the capacity of social actors for reflection, criticism and self-awareness. (p.299)
35. Representation
This form of media analysis is primarily concenred with how media texts represent (or more accurately re-present) the social world. (p.299)
36. Resistance
The ways in which audience members may reject the preferred or intended readings or meanings in a media text. The term is often used to describe how audience members reject the dominant or hegemonic codes evident within a media text. Audience members are said to be 'reading against the grain' in rejecting or subverting dominant or hegemonic ideology. (p.299)
37. Structure
Constrains that determines or shape human behaviour. In doing media work, for example, media professionals may be constrained by rules imposed by an employer, by the laws governing broadcasting or print journalism and by audience expectations. (p.299)
7 manolo 2014-04-02 16:02:44 [PC]
（メディア研究（Glossary)）
38. Social Media
Media technologies and tools which allow for the creation of social networks and virtual communities. Social media enables the online sharing of a wide variety of media texts. Developments in social media underlie recent developments in Citizen Journalism (the 'Arab Spring') and the reconfiguraion of some audience members as produces/prosumers. (p.299)
39. Stigmatization
Following the work of sociologist Erving Goffman, stigmatization refers to the processes by which indentities are spoiled. In a media setting, for example, consistently negative media discourses might be seen as contribution to the stigmatization of a group of people (e.g. linking crime with particular ethnic groups) or places (e.g. stressing how particular neighbourhoods are dangerous). (p.299)
40. Texts
The increased concentraion withing media analysis on the agency or creativity of audience members came hand in hand with an emphasis upon seeing media content as texts rather than messages. Implicit in the notion of audience members 'reading' media texts is the process of active, interpretative work in the creation of meaning. (p.300)
41. Transnational
...referes to both media companies or organizations and media texts. Many media texts are increasingly transnational because they are ciculated globally. Transnatinal media conglomerates are media companies that operate in several countries. (p.300)
42. Underserving Poor
The undeserving poor are those catergories of poor or socially excluded who are demonized and who are personally blamed for their poverty and exclusion. They are sometims termed the 'Devil's Poor.' While many poor people have been categorized as underserving over time, there has, in recent yeras been a decided emphasis on disgust reactions to the welfare class or 'chavs'. (p.300)
（メディア研究（Glossary)）
38. Social Media
Media technologies and tools which allow for the creation of social networks and virtual communities. Social media enables the online sharing of a wide variety of media texts. Developments in social media underlie recent developments in Citizen Journalism (the 'Arab Spring') and the reconfiguraion of some audience members as produces/prosumers. (p.299)
39. Stigmatization
Following the work of sociologist Erving Goffman, stigmatization refers to the processes by which indentities are spoiled. In a media setting, for example, consistently negative media discourses might be seen as contribution to the stigmatization of a group of people (e.g. linking crime with particular ethnic groups) or places (e.g. stressing how particular neighbourhoods are dangerous). (p.299)
40. Texts
The increased concentraion withing media analysis on the agency or creativity of audience members came hand in hand with an emphasis upon seeing media content as texts rather than messages. Implicit in the notion of audience members 'reading' media texts is the process of active, interpretative work in the creation of meaning. (p.300)
41. Transnational
...referes to both media companies or organizations and media texts. Many media texts are increasingly transnational because they are ciculated globally. Transnatinal media conglomerates are media companies that operate in several countries. (p.300)
42. Underserving Poor
The undeserving poor are those catergories of poor or socially excluded who are demonized and who are personally blamed for their poverty and exclusion. They are sometims termed the 'Devil's Poor.' While many poor people have been categorized as underserving over time, there has, in recent yeras been a decided emphasis on disgust reactions to the welfare class or 'chavs'. (p.300)