7 manolo 2013-09-02 12:50:56 [PC]
出典: 『Understanding the Political World(10th Ed.)』、James N. Danziger、2011、Pearson Education
2-1. NGOs The second type of international organizational is transnational nongovernmental organizations. NGOs are composed of nonstate actors (private individuals and groups) who work actively in a particular issue area to provide information, promote public policies, and even provide services that might otherwiase be provided by government. NGOs work with each other, with governments, and wtih IGOs [intergovernmental organizations] to address the full array of problems that cross state borders. Between 1960 and 2000, the number of NGOs active in at least three countries rose from 1,000 to more than 30,000. This includes about 5,000 majors NGOs that are very active in a large number of countries. Transnatinal NGOs, which enjoy higher public trust than either governments or business, are using new strategies of engagement with business and have a growing economic base (more than $1 trillion). They are "increasingly important in shaping national and international politics, governance processes and markets" and are "amongst the most influential institutions of the twenty-first century" (Elkington and Beloe 2003). (p.311)
2-2. NGOs are committed to furthering political and socials issues with transnational dimensions. Although their issues tend to be regional or global, the actions and effectivenss of national interest groups. These groups encourage concerned individuals, groups, and even the governments of others states to write letters, organize demonstrations or boycotts, or engage in other political actions to pressure a government or transnational actors to change its practices. (p.311)
2-3. For examples, you might be aware, from media, mailings, or other information sources, of the environmental protection actions of Greenpeace, the animal preservation goals of the World Wildlife Federation, or the lobbying by the Union of Concerned Scientists to limit destructive tecnologies. Amnesty International, another well-known NGO, is concerned with protecting human rights and is engaged in campaigns to focus attention and pressure on governments that are violating the rights of their citizens. It is one of the leading NGOs among an expanding group of tranborder organizations that promote the protection of human rights. Often local movments of human rights activists coalesce with other outside their state's boundaries to promote this issues. (p.311)
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8 manolo 2013-09-02 12:56:58 [PC]
(「国際NGO続き」)
2-4. The actions of some NGOs extend far beyond lobbying because they generate resources and actually deliver googs and services, such as the humanetarian medical services provided by Medecins sans Frontiers. With the globalization of communications and greater mobility, many other groups, advocacy networks, and social movements are able to engage in a mix of persuasion and action, although most operate in only a limited set of countires. And while many transnational actors are admired for their pursuit of nobole goals, some engage in illegal or violent activities that are relevant to states, such as the al-Qaeda terrorist network or international drug cartels. (pp.311-312)
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